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Mutations
Anyone who has ever tried to type a letter before will be aware of how easy it is for mistakes to pop up in the twxt! When creatures reproduce, every-once-in-a-while, copying mistakes occur in their genetic information and these are known as 'mutations'. Mutations bring about a number of physical disorders, such as haemophilia, where the blood-clotting agent factor VIII, is defective, and sufferers bleed easily; albinism where no melanin (the colouring agent) is produced; sterility, blindness and deafness etc. In fact, we know that in humans about 2000 genetic diseases are caused by mutations! Modern evolutionists, known as Neo-Darwinists, believe that over millions of years, beneficial mutations have brought about the evolution of a single-celled creature, a protozoan and turned it into a person. So from the protozoan we have now arrived at, pedlars, pilots, philosophers, psychiatrists, politicians and even preachers! But…
1. It is estimated that over 99% of mutations are harmful and over 90% are lethal to the organisms which contain them." - Dr. C. Mitchell - The Case for Creationism p.126
2. Mutations are very rare and there is not a single example of a mutation that increases the functional genetic complexity of an organism. There is always a loss of genetic information.
"In all the reading I've done in the life-sciences' literature, I've never found a mutation that added information ... All point mutations that have been studied at the molecular level turn out to reduce the genetic information and not to increase it ... The NDT [Neo-Darwinian theory] is supposed to explain how the information of life has been built up by evolution. The essential biological difference between a human and a bacterium is in the information they contain. All other biological differences follow from that. The human genome has much more information than does the bacterial genome. Information cannot be built up by mutations that lose it. A business can't make money by losing it a little at a time." Dr. Lee Spetner - Not by Chance - [As quoted in Creation ex nihilo Vol. 20 No.3 p.33 - 1998]
Two heads better than one?
Mutations lead to a whole host of visible deformities in the animal kingdom, e.g. creatures with two heads!
In his book The Amazing Story of Creation, (p.43) Dr. D. Gish cites an interesting example of a harmful gene mutation in a rooster which caused it to be born without feathers. He is therefore "easily sunburned, unable to regulate body temperature, is constantly attacked by mosquitoes and is unable to mate because of his lack of feathers to flap his wings."
Often sickle-cell anaemia (a disease of red blood cells) is given as an example of a beneficial mutation. The carrier of this particular mutation is immune to malaria because the life-span of the defective blood cell is shorter than the incubation period of the malaria. Dr. G. Parker writes...."But the cost is high: 25% of the children of carriers die of sickle-cell anaemia If you want to call that a good mutation, you're welcome to it." - What is Creation Science? - p.105
The fruit fly Drosophila has been much used in the study of mutations. It has a short life span and thirty generations can be bred in a year. Exposure to radiation has produced changes in the fruit fly. For example, flies with no eyes, blind flies, curled wings, minute wings and one grotesque creature had a leg growing from the lip or even out of the eye!! "The normal fly has about 36 bristles on its body and some experiments were conducted to try and see how many or how few could be reached by breeding. After several generations an upper limit of 56 and a lower limit of 25 was achieved, but beyond this, flies began to die rapidly. When they were allowed to breed freely, the bristle count eventually returned to the normal number." Malclom Bowden - Science vs Evolution p.52
The conclusion of all this experimentation is that no new species have been produced. "Indeed it has been admitted that none of the mutations could survive under natural conditions." - M. Bowden
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